29 research outputs found

    Buzz: Face-to-Face Contact and the Urban Economy

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    This paper argues that existing models of urban concentrations are incomplete unless grounded in the most fundamental aspect of proximity; face-to-face contact. Face-to-face contact has four main features; it is an efficient communication technology; it can help solve incentive problems; it can facilitate socialization and learning; and it provides psychological motivation. We discuss each of these features in turn, and develop formal economic models of two of them. Face-to-face is particularly important in environments where information is imperfect, rapidly changing, and not easily codified, key features of many creative activities.Agglomeration, clustering, urban economics, face-to-face

    High-throughput and quantitative assessment of enhancer activity in mammals by CapStarr-seq

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    International audienceCell-type specific regulation of gene expression requires the activation of promoters by distal genomic elements defined as enhancers. The identification and the characterization of enhancers are challenging in mammals due to their genome complexity. Here we develop CapStarr-Seq, a novel high-throughput strategy to quantitatively assess enhancer activity in mammals. This approach couples capture of regions of interest to previously developed Starr-seq technique. Extensive assessment of CapStarr-seq demonstrates accurate quantification of enhancer activity. Furthermore, we find that enhancer strength is associated with binding complexity of tissue-specific transcription factors and super-enhancers, while additive enhancer activity isolates key genes involved in cell identity and function. The CapStarr-Seq thus provides a fast and cost-effective approach to assess the activity of potential enhancers for a given cell type and will be helpful in decrypting transcription regulation mechanisms

    A Comprehensive Analysis of Gene Expression Changes Provoked by Bacterial and Fungal Infection in C. elegans

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    While Caenorhabditis elegans specifically responds to infection by the up-regulation of certain genes, distinct pathogens trigger the expression of a common set of genes. We applied new methods to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the transcriptional response of C. elegans to bacterial and fungal infection. Using tiling arrays and/or RNA-sequencing, we have characterized the genome-wide transcriptional changes that underlie the host's response to infection by three bacterial (Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus faecalis and otorhabdus luminescens) and two fungal pathogens (Drechmeria coniospora and Harposporium sp.). We developed a flexible tool, the WormBase Converter (available at http://wormbasemanager.sourceforge.net/), to allow cross-study comparisons. The new data sets provided more extensive lists of differentially regulated genes than previous studies. Annotation analysis confirmed that genes commonly up-regulated by bacterial infections are related to stress responses. We found substantial overlaps between the genes regulated upon intestinal infection by the bacterial pathogens and Harposporium, and between those regulated by Harposporium and D. coniospora, which infects the epidermis. Among the fungus-regulated genes, there was a significant bias towards genes that are evolving rapidly and potentially encode small proteins. The results obtained using new methods reveal that the response to infection in C. elegans is determined by the nature of the pathogen, the site of infection and the physiological imbalance provoked by infection. They form the basis for future functional dissection of innate immune signaling. Finally, we also propose alternative methods to identify differentially regulated genes that take into account the greater variability in lowly expressed genes

    ParamĂštres gĂ©nĂ©tiques de l’efficience alimentaire et faisabilitĂ© d’une sĂ©lection en population bovine allaitante

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    La sĂ©lection gĂ©nĂ©tique de l’efficience alimentaire est un outil pour amĂ©liorer la rentabilitĂ© des Ă©levages allaitants. Jusqu’à prĂ©sent, une Ă©valuation gĂ©nĂ©tique de ce caractĂšre Ă©tait rĂ©alisĂ©e en station de contrĂŽle individuel (CI) Ă  partir d’un aliment complet condensĂ©, peu utilisĂ© dans les Ă©levages. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude est donc de vĂ©rifier si cette sĂ©lection est pertinente pour amĂ©liorer l’efficience alimentaire dans les Ă©levages, dans un contexte oĂč une mĂȘme population allaitante doit ĂȘtre Ă  la fois efficiente avec des animaux en croissance alimentĂ©s avec des rations fourragĂšres ou des rations concentrĂ©es. Pour cela, les populations mĂąle et femelle du dispositif BEEFALIM 2020 ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es ainsi que la population de taureaux Charolais passĂ©s en stations de CI. Trois critĂšres d’efficience alimentaire ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s : la consommation moyenne journaliĂšre rĂ©siduelle (CMJR), le gain moyen quotidien rĂ©siduel (GMQR) et le ratio d’efficience alimentaire (EA). Des estimations de paramĂštres gĂ©nĂ©tiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es pour apprĂ©hender les relations gĂ©nĂ©tiques de l’efficience alimentaire entre les populations Ă©tudiĂ©es. Concernant la voie mĂąle, une interaction gĂ©notype x milieu sur la CMJR existerait, qui pourrait donc entrainer un progrĂšs gĂ©nĂ©tique plus faible concernant la sĂ©lection de ce caractĂšre. Il serait donc pertinent de phĂ©notyper Ă  partir de fourrage pour diminuer cette interaction. Concernant les gĂ©nisses, la prĂ©cision des estimations est limitĂ©e en raison du faible nombre de gĂ©nisses phĂ©notypĂ©es et du fait que celles-ci Ă©taient phĂ©notypĂ©es Ă  l’ñge de deux ans et avaient donc des croissances moindres et moins comparables aux mĂąles phĂ©notypĂ©s plus jeunes

    CaractĂ©riser les dĂ©terminants physiologiques et gĂ©nĂ©tiques de l’efficience alimentaire des bovins allaitants : le programme BEEFALIM 2020

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    Dans le contexte actuel de forts coĂ»ts des intrants alimentaires et d’impact des productions bovines sur le changement climatique, l’efficience alimentaire apparaĂźt comme un levier d’action pour la durabilitĂ© Ă©conomique et environnementale de l’élevage allaitant. De plus, la valorisation par les bovins d’aliments cellulosiques, non Ă©ligibles Ă  l’alimentation humaine et favorisant un maintien des prairies et des services environnementaux associĂ©s, reprĂ©sente Ă©galement un enjeu majeur, en particulier dans les rĂ©gimes d’engraissement des jeunes bovins. Dans l’objectif d’étudier les dĂ©terminants, aussi bien physiologiques que gĂ©nĂ©tiques, de l’efficience alimentaire des bovins allaitants tout en prenant en compte le fait que la filiĂšre allaitante repose sur diffĂ©rents types d’animaux (jeunes bovins Ă  l’engraissement mais Ă©galement mĂšres allaitantes et gĂ©nisses de renouvellement) et diffĂ©rents types d’alimentation, un vaste programme de recherche a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©. IntitulĂ© BEEFALIM 2020, celui-ci s’est Ă©talĂ© entre 2013 et 2021 et a permis la production de nombreuses connaissances scientifiques. Cet article introductif prĂ©sente la structure et les objectifs de BEEFALIM 2020, dĂ©crit les dispositifs expĂ©rimentaux utilisĂ©s et reprend les principaux enseignements du programme en prĂ©ambule aux trois articles scientifiques qui en rapportent les rĂ©sultats dans le dĂ©tail

    Rokkasho Reprocessing Project

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    The first Japanese commercial reprocessing plant has successfully completed active test operation of its main process part in October, 2008. The main part of the plant is based on AREVA process used in French reprocessing plants UP3 and UP2-800 at La Hague. The main process choices have been established in 1985 and 1986, based on an overall review of existing processes. The bases of the design were fixed in 1987, and a technology transfer agreement (TTA) was signed between JNFL and SGN, representative of CEA (French atomic energy commission) and COGEMA (which became now AREVA NC). The paper will describe the process, and then will focus on the main design, construction and tests steps, including a general schedule. It will emphasize the strong relationship between design teams of SGN and Japanese Makers during the design phases and between AREVA NC and JNFL during test operations. For the most sensitive part of the process, pilot facilities has been set up in Japan to allow a smooth knowledge transfer. One of the highlights during design phases was the rationalization study performed in mid-90. It allowed to incorporate in the design of Rokkasho reprocessing plant the lessons learned from UP3 start-up and to simplify the process. At the end of the design phase, in 2001, JNFL and AREVA NC decided to deeply strengthen their cooperation, in particular in the fields of the test operation such as chemical, uranium and active tests. This global assistance to be performed by AREVA NC to JNFL was very innovative, and included training session for Japanese operators in UP3 plant at La Hague. The main steps of the tests, water tests, chemical tests, uranium tests and active tests, will then be described. The TTA included a number of guarantee values which have been checked during the tests. The most important ones will be given with the actual results achieved in the Rokkasho plant. The success of this project could be an example of international cooperation for similar recycling project in other countries
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